Hindi

Paper-I

Answers must be written in Hindi.

Section-A

1. History of Hindi Language and Nagari Lipi.

1. Grammatical and applied forms of Apbhransh, Awahatta & Arambhik Hindi.
2. Development of Braj and Awadhi as literary language during medieval period.
3. Early form of Khari-boli in Siddha-Nath Sahitya, Khusero, Sant Sahitaya, Rahim etc. and Dakhni Hindi.
4. Development of Khari-boli and Nagari Lipi during 19th Century.
5. Standardisation of Hindi Bhasha & Nagari Lipi.
6. Development of Hindi as national Language during freedom movement.
7. The development of Hindi as a National Language of Union of India.

8. Scientific & Technical development of Hindi Language.
9. Prominent dialects of Hindi and their inter relationship.
10. Salient features of Nagari Lipi and the efforts for its reform & Standard form of Hindi.
11. Grammatical structure of Standard Hindi.

Section-B

2. History of Hindi Literature.

1. The relevance and importance of Hindi literature and tradition of writing History of Hindi Literature.
2. Literary trends of the following four periods of history of Hindi Literature.

A : Adikal-Sidh, Nath and Raso Sahitya.

Prominent poets-Chandvardai, Khusaro, Hemchandra, Vidyapati.

B : Bhaktikal-Sant Kavyadhara, Sufi Kavyadhara, Krishna Bhaktidhara and Ram Bhaktidhara.

Prominent Poets-Kabir, Jayasi, Sur & Tulsi.

C: Ritikal-Ritikavya, Ritibaddhakavya & Riti Mukta Kavya.

Prominent Poets-Keshav, Bihari, Padmakar and Ghananand.

D : Adhunik Kal

a. Renaissance, the development of Prose, Bharatendu Mandal.

b. Prominent Writers : Bharatendu, Bal Krishna Bhatt & Pratap Narain Mishra.

c. Prominent trends of modern Hindi Poetry : Chhayavad, Pragativad, Proyogvad, Nai Kavita, Navgeet and Contemporary poetry and Janvadi Kavita.

Prominent Poets : Maithili Sharan Gupta, Prasad, Nirala, Mahadevi, Dinkar, Agyeya, Muktibodh, Nagarjun.

3. Katha Sahitya

A. Upanyas & Realism

B. The origin and develpment of Hindi Novels.

C. Prominent Novelists : Premchand, Jainendra, Yashpal, Renu and Bhism Sahani.

D. The origin and development of Hindi short story.

E. Prominent short Story Writers : Premchand, Prasad, Agyeya, Mohan Rakesh & Krishna Shobti.

4. rama & Theatre

A. The origin & Development of Hindi Drama.

B. Prominent Dramatists : Bharatendu, Prasad, Jagdish Chandra Mathur, Ram Kumar Verma, Mohan Rakesh.

C. The development of Hindi Theature.

5. Criticism

A: The origin and development of Hindi criticism : Saiddhantik, Vyavharik, Pragativadi, Manovishleshanvadi & Nai Alochana.

B: Prominent critics : Ramchandra Shukla, Hajari Prasad Dwivedi, Ram Vilas Sharma & Nagendra.

6. The other forms of Hindi prose-Lalit Nibandh, Rekhachitra, Sansmaran, Yatra-vrittant.

Paper-II

Answers must be written in Hindi.

This paper will require first hand reading of prescribed texts and will test the critical ability of the candidates.

Section-A

1. Kabir : Kabir Granthawali, Ed, Shyam Sundar Das (First hundred Sakhis.)
2. Surdas: Bhramar Gitsar, Ed. Ramchandra Shukla (First hundred Padas)
3. Tulsidas: Ramchrit Manas (Sundar Kand) Kavitawali (Uttar Kand).
4. Jayasi: Padmawat Ed. Shyam Sundar Das (Sinhal Dwip Khand & Nagmativiyog Khand)
5. Bihari: Bihari Ratnakar Ed. Jagnnath Prasad Ratnakar (First 100 Dohas)
6. Maithili Sharan Gupta : Bharat Bharati
7. Prasad: Kamayani (Chinta and Sharddha Sarg)
8. Nirala: Rag-Virag, Ed. Ram Vilas Sharma (Ram Ki Shakti Puja & Kukurmutta).
9. Dinkar: Kurushetra
10. Agyeya: Angan Ke Par Dwar (Asadhya Vina)
11. Muktiboth: Brahma Rakshas
12. Nagarjun: Badal Ko Ghirte Dekha Hai, Akal Ke Bad, Harijan Gatha.

Section-B

1. Bharatendu: Bharat Durdasha
2. Mohan Rakesh: Ashad Ka Ek Din
3. Ramchandra Shukla: Chintamani (Part I) (Kavita Kya Hai] Shraddha Aur Bhakti)
4. Dr. Satyendra: Nibandh Nilaya-Bal Krishna Bhatt, Premchand, Gulab Rai, Hajari Prasad Dwivedi, Ram Vilas Sharma, Agyeya, Kuber Nath Rai.
5. Premchand: Godan, Premchand ki Sarvashreshtha Kahaniyan, Ed. Amrit Rai, Manjusha - Premchand ki Sarvashreshtha Kahaniyan, Ed. Amrit Rai
6. Prasad: Skandgupta
7. Yashpal: Divya
8. Phaniswar Nath Renu : Maila Anchal
9. Mannu Bhandari : Mahabhoj
10. Rajendra Yadav : Ek Dunia Samanantar (All Stories)

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Kannada

Paper-I

Answers must be written in Kannada.

Section-A

A. History of Kannada Language

What is Language? General characteristics of Language. Dravidian Family of Languages and its specific features, Antiquity of Kannada Language Different Phases of its Development.

Dialects of Kannada Language : Regional and Social Various aspects of development of Kannada Language : phonological and Semantic changes. Language borrowing.

B. History of Kannada Literature

Ancient Kannada literature: Influence and Trends. Poets for study: Specified poets from Pampa to Ratnakara Varni are to be studied in the light of contents, form and expression : Pampa, Janna, Nagachandra.

Medieval Kannada literature: Influence and Trends.

Vachana literature: Basavanna, Akka Mahadevi.

Medieval Poets: Harihara, Ragha-vanka, Kumar-Vyasa.

Dasa literature: Purandra and Kanaka.

Sangataya: Ratnakaravarni

C. Modern Kannada literature:Influence, trends and idealogies, Navodaya, Pragatishila, Navya, Dalita and Bandaya.

Section-B

A. Poetics and literary criticism:

Definition and concepts of poetry: Word, Meaning, Alankara, Reeti, Rasa, Dhwani, Auchitya.

Interpretations of Rasa Sutra.

Modern Trends of literary criticism : Formalist, Historical, Marxist, Feminist, Post-colonial criticism.

B. Cultlural History of Karnataka

Contribution of Dynasties to the culture of Karnataka : Chalukyas of Badami and Kalyani, Rashtrakutas, Hoysalas, Vijayanagara rulers, in literary context.

Major religions of Karnataka and their cultural contributions.

Arts of Karnataka : Sculpture, Architecture, Painting, Music, Dance-in the literary context.

Unification of Karnataka and its impact on Kannada literature.

Paper-II

Answers must be written in Kannada.

The paper will require first-hand reading of the Texts prescribed and will be designed to test the critical ability of the candidates.

Section-A

A. Old Kannada literature

1. Vikramaarjuna Vijaya of Pampa (cantos 12 & 13), (Mysore University Pub.)
2. Vaddaraadhane (Sukumaraswamyia Kathe, Vidyutchorana Kathe)

B. Medieval Kannada Literature :

1. Vachana Kammata, Ed: K. Marulasiddappa K.R. Nagaraj (Bangalore University Pub.)
2. Janapriya Kanakasamputa, Ed. D. Javare Gowda (Kannada and Culture Directorate, Bangalore)
3. Nambiyannana Ragale, Ed., T.N. Sreekantaiah (Ta.Vem. Smaraka Grantha Male, Mysore)
4. Kumaravyasa Bharata: Karna Parva (Mysore University)
5. Bharatesha Vaibhava Sangraha Ed. Ta. Su. Shama Rao (Mysore University)

Section-B

A. Modern Kannada Literature

1. Poetry: Hosagannada Kavite, Ed: G.H. Nayak (Kannada Saahitya Parishattu, Bangalore)
2. Novel: Bettada Jeeva-Shivarama Karanta Madhavi-Arupama Niranjana Odalaala-Devanuru Mahadeva
3. Short Story: Kannada Sanna Kathegalu, Ed. G.H. Nayak (Sahitya Academy, New Delhi).
4. Drama: Shudra Tapaswi-Kuvempu. Tughalak-Girish Karnad.
5. Vichara Saahitya: Devaru-A.N. Moorty Rao (Pub: D.V.K. Moorty, Mysore.)

B. Folk Literature:

1. Janapada Swaroopa-Dr. H.M. Nayak. (Ta. Vem. Smaraka Grantha Male, Mysore.)
2. Janapada Geetaanjali-Ed.D. Javare Gowda. (Pub: Sahitya Academy, New Delhi.)
3. Kannada Janapada Kathegalu-Ed. J.S. Paramashivaiah, (Mysore University.)
4. Beedi Makkalu Beledo. Ed. Kalegowda Nagavara (Pub: Bangalore University.)
5. Savirada Ogatugalu-Ed: S.G. Imrapura.

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Kashmiri

Paper-I

Answers must be written in Kashmiri.

Section-: A

1. Genealogical relationship of the Kashmiri language: various theories.

2. Areas of occurrence and dialects (geographical/social)

3. Phonology and grammar:

1. Vowel and consonant system;
2. Nouns and pronouns with various case inflections;
3. Verbs: various types and tenses.

4. Syntactic structure:

1. Simple , active and declarative statements;

2. Coordination;
3. Relativisation.

Section-B

1. Kashmiri literature in the 14th century (Socio-cultural and intellectual background with special reference to Lal Dyad and Sheikhul Alam)

2. Nineteenth century Kashmiri literature (development of various genres: vatsun; ghazal; and mathnavi).

3. Kashmiri literature in the first half of the twentieth century (with special reference to Mahjoor and Azad; various literary influences).

4. Modern Kashmiri literature (with special refernece to the development of the short story, drama, novel and nazm).

Paper-II

Answers must be written in Kashmiri.

Section-A

1. Intensive study of Kashmiri poetry upto the nineteenth century:

1. Lal Dyad
2. Sheikhul Aalam
3. Habba Khatoon

2. Kashmiri poetry: 19th Century

1. Mahmood Gami (Vatsans)
2. Maqbool Shah (Gulrez)
3. Rasool Mir (Ghazals)
4. Abdul Ahad Nadim (N'at)
5. Krishanjoo Razdan (Shiv Lagun)
6. Sufi Poets (Text in Sanglaab, published by the Deptt. of Kashmiri, University of Kashmir)

3. Twentieth Century Kashmiri poetry (text in Azich Kashir Shairi, published by the Deptt. of Kashmiri, University of Kashmir)

4. Literary criticism and research work: development and various trends.

Section-B

1. An analytical study of the short story in Kashmiri.

1. Afsana Majmu'a, published by the Deptt. of Kashmiri, University of Kashmir.
2. Kashur Afsana Az, published by the Sahitya Akademi
3. Hamasar Kashur Afsana, published by the Sahitya Akademi

The following short story writers only: Akhtar Mohi-ud-Din, Kamil, Hari Krishan Kaul, Hraday Kaul Bharti, Bansi Nirdosh, Gulshan Majid.

2. Novel in Kashmiri:

1. Mujrim by G.N. Gowhar
2. Marun-Ivan Ilyichun, (Kashmiri version of Tolstoy's The Death of Ivan Iiyich (Published by Kashmiri Deptt).

3. Drama in Kashmiri

1. Natuk Kariv Band, by Hari Krishan Kaul
2. QK Angy Natuk, ed. Motilal Keemu. published by Sahitya Akademi.
3. Razi Oedipus, tr. Naji Munawar, published by Sahitya Akademi.

4. Kashmiri Folk Literature:

1. Kashur Luki Theatre by Mohammad Subhan Bhagat, published by Deptt. of Kashmiri, University of Kashmir.
2. Kashiry Luki Beeth (all volumes) published by the J & K Cultural Academy.

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Konkani

Paper-I

Answers must be written in Konkani.

Section-A

History of the Konkani Language :

1. Origin and development of the language and influences on it.
2. Major variants of Konkani and their linguistic features.
3. Old Standard Konkani, new Standard and standardisation problems.

Section-B:

History of Konkani literature:

Candidates would be expected to be wel-acquainted with Konkani literature and its social and cultural background and consider the problems and issues arising out of them.

1. History of Konkani literature from its probable source to the present times, with emphasis on its major works, writers and movements.
2. Social and cultural background of the making of Konkani literature from time to time.
3. Indian and Western influences on Konkani literature from the earliest to modern times.
4. Modern literary trends in the various genres and regions including a study of Konkani folklore.

Paper-II

Answers must be written in Konkani.

Tectual Criticism of Konkani Literature

The paper will be designed to test the canidate's critical and analytical abilities. Candidates would be expected to be well-acquainted with Konkani Literature and required to have a first-hand reading of the following texts:

Section-A

Prose

1. a) Konkani Mansagangotri (excluding poetry) ed. by Prof. Olivinho Gomes

b) Old Konkani language and literature-the Portuguese Role

2. a) Otmo Denvcharak-a novel by A.V da Cruz.

b) Vadoll ani Varem-A novel by Antonio Pereira.

c) Devache Kurpen-a novel by V J P Saldanha.

3. a) Vajralikhani-Shenoy Goem-bab-An anthology-ed. by Shantaram Varde Valavalikar

b) Konkani Lalit Niband-Essays-ed. by Shyam Verenkar

c) Teen Dasakam-An lAnthology-ed. by Chandrakant Keni.

4. a) Demand-Drama-by Pundalik Naik

b) Kadambini- A miscellany of modern Prose-ed. by Prof. OJF Gomes & Smt. P.S. Tadkodkar.

c) Ratha Tujeo Ghudieo-by Smt. Jayanti Naik.

Section-B

Poetry

1. a) Ev ani Mori: Poetry by Eduardo Bruno de Souza.

b) Abravanchem Yadnyadan-by Luis Mascarenhas.

2. a) Godde Ramayan-ed.by R.K. Rao

b) Ratnahar I & II-collection of poems-ed. R.V. Pandit.

3. a) Zayo Zuyo-poems-Manohar L. Sardessai.

b) Kanadi Mati Konkani Kavi-Anthology of Poems-ed. Pratap Naik.

4. a) Adrushatache Kalle-Poems by Pandurang Bhangui.

b) Yaman- Poems by Madhav Borkar

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Maithili

Paper I

History of Maithili Language and its Literature

Answer to be written in Maithili

Part A

History of Maithili Language

1. Place of Maithili in Indo-European language family.
2. Origin and development of Maithili language. (Sanskrit, Prakrit, Avhatt, Maithili)
3. Periodic division of Maithili Language. (Beginning, Middle era, Modern era)
4. Maithili and its different dialects.
5. Relationship between Maithili and other Eastern languages (Bengali, Asamese, Oriya )
6. Origin and development of Tirhuta Script.
7. Pronouns and Verbs in Maithili Language.

Part B

History of Maithili Literature

1. Background of Maithili Literature (Religious, economic, social, cultural).
2. Periodic division of Maithili literature.
3. Pre-Vidyapati Literature.
4. Vidyapati and his tradition.
5. Medieval Maithili Drama (Kirtaniya Natak, Ankia Nat, Maithili dramas written in Nepal.
6. Maithili Folk Literature (Folk Tales, Folk Drama, Folk Stories, Folk Songs).
7. Development of different literary forms in modern era

(a) Prabandh-kavya

(b) Muktak-kavya

(c) Novel

(d) Short Story

(e) Drama

(f) Essay

(g) Criticism

(h) Memoirs

(i) Translation

8. Development of Maithili Magazines and Journals

Paper – II

Answers must be written in Maithili

The paper will require first-hand reading of the prescribed texts and will test the critical ability of the candidates.

Part-A

1. Vidyapati Geet-Shati - Publisher : Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi (Lyrics – 1 to 50)
2. Govind Das Bhajanavali – Publisher : Maithili Acadamy, Patna (Lyrics – 1 to 25)
3. Krishnajanm – Manbodh
4. Mithilabhasha Ramayana – Chanda Jha (only Sunder-Kand)
5. Rameshwar Charit Mithila Ramayan – Lal Das (only Bal-kand)
6. Keechak-Vadh - Tantra Nath Jha.
7. Datta-Vati – Surendra Jha ‘Suman’(only 1st and 2nd Cantos).

8. Chitra-Yatri
9. Samakaleen Maithili Kavita – Publisher : Sahitaya Akademi, New Delhi .

Part-B

10. Varna Ratnakar - Jyotirishwar (only 2nd Kallol)
11. Khattar Kakak Tarang – Hari Mohan Jha
12. Lorik–Vijaya-Manipadma
13. Prithvi Putra – Lalit
14. Bhaphait Chahak Jinagi – Sudhanshu ‘Shekhar’ Choudhary
15. Kriti Rajkamlak – Publisher : Maithili Acadamy, Patna (First Ten Stories only)
16. Katha–Sangrah – Publisher : Maithili Acadamy, Patna

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Malayalam

Paper-I

Answers must be written in Malayalam.

Section-A

Unit 1-Early phase of Malayalam Language:

1. Various theories: origin from proto Dravidian, Tamil, Sanskrit.
2. Relation between Tamil and Malayalam: Six nayas of A.R. Rajarajavarma.
3. Pattu school-definition, Ramacharitam, later pattu works-Niranam works and Krishnagatha.

Unit 2-Linguistic features of :

1. Manipravalam-definition. Language of early manipravala works-Champu, Sandesakavya, Chandrotsava, minor works. Later Manipravala works-medieval Champu and Attakkatha.

2. Folklore-Southern and Northern ballads, Mappila songs.
3. Early Malayalam prose-Bhashakautaliyam, Brahmandapuranam, Attaprakaram, Kramadipika and Nambiantamil.

Unit 3-Satandardisation of Malayalam

1. Peculairities of the language of Pana, Kilippattu and Tullal.
2. Contributions of indigenous and European missionaries to Malayalam.
3. Characteristics of contemporary Malayalam : Malayalam as administravie language. Language of scientific and technical literature-media language.

Section-B

Literary History

Unit-4 Ancient and Medieval Literature:

1. Pattu-Ramacharitam, Niranam works and Krishnagatha.
2. Manipravalam-early and medieval manipravala works including attakkatha and champu.
3. Folk literature.
4. Kilippattu, Tullal and Mahakavya.

Unit 5- Modern Literature-Poerty

1. Venmani poets and contemporaries.
2. The advent of Romanticism-Poerty of Kavitraya i.e., Asan, Ulloor and Vallathol
3. Poetry after Kavitraya.
4. Modernism in Malayalam poetry.

Unit 6- Modern Literature-Prose

1. Drama
2. Novel
3. Short story
4. Biography, travelogue, essay and criticism.

Paper-II

Answers must be written in Malayalam.

This paper will requre first hand reading of the texts prescribed and is designed to test the candidate's critical ability.

Section-A

Unit 1

1. Ramacharitam-Patalam 1.
2. Kannassaramayanam-Balakandam first 25 stanzas.
3. Unnunilisandesam-Purvabhagam 25 slokas including Prastavana
4. Mahabharatham Kilippattu-Bhishmaparvam.,

Unit 2

1. Kumaran Asan-Chintavisthayaya Sita.
2. Vailoppilli-Kutiyozhikkal.
3. G. Sankara Kurup-Perunthachan.
4. N.V. Krishna Variar-Tivandiyile Pattu.

Unit 3

1. ONV -Bhumikkoru Charamagitam
2. Ayyappa Panicker-Kurukshetram.
3. Akkittam-Paudatha Messanthi
4. Attur Ravivarma-Megharupan.

Section-B

Unit 4

1. Chanthu Menon-Indulekha
2. Thakazhy-Chemmin.
3. O V Vijayan-Khasakkinte Ithihasam.

Unit 5

1. MT Vasudevan Nair-Vanaprastham (Collection).
2. N S Madhavan-Higvitta (Collection).
3. C J. Thomas-1128-il Crime 27.

Unit 6

1. Kuttikrishna Marar-Bharataparyatanam
2. M. K Sanu-Nakshatrangalute snehabhajanam
3. V.T. Bhattathirippad-Kannirum Kinavum.

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Manipuri

Paper-I

Answers must be written in Manipuri.

Section-A

Language:

a) General characteristics of Manipuri Language and history of its development; its importance and status among the Tibeto-Burman Languages of North-East India; recent development in the study of Manipuri language; evolution and study of old Manipuri script.

b) Significant features of Manipuri language:

1. Phonology-Phoneme-vowels, consonants juncture, tone, consonant cluster and its occurrence, syllable-its structure, pattern and types.
2. Morphology : Word-class, root and its types; affix and its types; grammatical categories-gender, number, person, case, tense and aspects, process of compounding (samas and sandhi).
3. Syntax : Word order: types of sentences, pharse and clause structures.

Section-B

a) Literary History of Manipuri :

Early period (upto 17th century)-Social and cultural background; Themes, diction and style of the works.

Medieval period (18th and 19th century)- Social, religious and political background; Themes, diction and style of the works.

Modern period-Growth of major literary forms; change of Themes, diction and style.

b) Manipuri Folk Literature :

c) Aspects of Manipuri Culture :

Pre-Hindu Manipuri Faith; Advent of Hinduism and the process of syncreticism.

Performing arts-Lai Haraoba, Maha Ras; Indegenous games-Sagol Kangjei, Khong Kangjei, Kang.

Paper II

Answers must be written in Manipuri.

This paper will require first hand reading of the texts prescribed and will be designed to test the candidate’s critical ability to assess them.

Section-A

Old and Medieval Manipuri Literature

a) Old Manipuri Literature

1. O. Bhogeswar Singh (Ed.): Numit Kappa
2. M. Gourachandra Singh (Ed.): Thawanthaba Hiran
3. N. Khelchandra Singh (Ed.): Naothingkhong Phambal Kaba
4. M. Chandra Singh (Ed.): Panthoibi Khonggul

b) Medieval Manipuri Literature:

1. M. Chandra Singh (Ed.): Samsok Ngamba
2. R.K.Snahal Singh (Ed.): Ramayana Adi Kanda
3. N. Khelchandra SIngh (Ed.): Dhananjoy Laibu Ningba
4. O. Bhogeswar Singh (Ed.): Chandrakirti Jila Changba

Section-B

Modern Manipuri Literature:

a) Poetry and Epic:

(I) Poetry:

a) Manipuri Sheireng (Pub) Manipuri Sahitya Parishad, 1988 (ed.)

Kh. Chaoba Singh: Pi Thadoi, Lamgi Chekla Amada, Loktak

Dr. L. Kamal Singh: Nirjanata, Nirab Rajani

A. Minaketan Singh: Kamalda, Nonggumlakkhoda

L. Samarendra Singh: Ingagi Nong, Mamang Leikai Thambal Satle

E. Nilakanta Singh: Manipur, Lamangnaba

Shri Biren: Tangkhul Hui

Th. Ibopishak: Anouba Thunglaba Jiba

b) Kanchi Sheireng. (Pub) Manipur University 1998 (ed.)

Dr. L. Kamal Singh: Biswa-Prem

Shri Biren: Chaphadraba Laigi Yen

Th. Ibopishak: Norok Patal Prithivi

(II) Epic:

1. A. Dorendrajit Singh : Kansa Bodha
2. H. Anganghal Singh: Khamba-Thoibi Sheireng (San-Senba, Lei Langba, Shamu Khonggi Bichar)

(III) Drama:

1. S. Lalit Singh: Areppa Marup
2. G.C. Tongbra : Matric Pass
3. A. Samarendra : Judge Sahebki Imung

b) Novel, Short-story and Prose :

(I) Novel :