Pali

Paper-I

(Pali Language)

N.B. All answers must be written in Pali language in Devanagari or Roman Script.

Section-A

Origin and Homeland of Pali and its characteristics.

2. Pali Grammar

1. Technical Terms of Pali Grammar-Akkhara, Sara, Vyanjana, Niggahita, Nama, Sabbanama, Akhyata, Upasagga, Nipata, Abyaya,
2. Karaka,
3. Samasa;
4. Sandhi;

5. Taddhita. (Apaccabodhaka-and Adhikarabo-dhaka-Paccaya);
6. Etymological derivation of the following words: -

Buddho, Bhikkhu, Samanero, Sattha, Dhammo, Lataya, Purisanam, Tumhe, Amhebhi, Munina, Rattisu, Phalaya, Atthisu, Rannam, Sangho.

3.Translation of two Pali unseen passages into English.

Section-B

4. Essays consisting of 300 words on any one of the following:

1. Bhagava Buddho,
2. Tilakkhanam,
3. Ariyo atthangiko maggo,
4. Cattari ariyasaccani,
5. Kammavado
6. Paticcasamuppado,
7. Nibbanam paramam sukham,
8. Tipitakam,
9. Dhammapadam,
10. Majjhima-Patipada.

5. Summary of Pali passages.

6. Explanation of Pali verses in Pali.

7. The meaning of following indeclinables (Abyaya and Nipata) and their use in candidates’ own Pali sentences:

1. Atha,
2. Antara,
3. Addha,
4. Kada,
5. Kittavata,
6. Ahorattam,
7. Diva,
8. Yatha,
9. Ce,
10. Seyyathidam,
11. Vina,
12. Kudacannam,
13. Saddhim,
14. Antarena,
15. Kho,
16. Ma,
17. Evam,
18. Ettha,
19. Kira,
20. Pana.

Paper-II

(PAli Literature)

There will be two compulsory questions, which must be answered in Pali Languege in Devanagari or Roman Script. The remaining questions must be attempted either in Pali or in the medium of examination opted by the candidate.

Section-A

1. Life and teachings of Buddha from the Pali sources.
2. History of Pali Literature-Canonical and Non-Canonical with reference to the following books and authors:

Mahavagga, Cullavagga, Patimokkha, Digha-Nikaya, Dhammapada, Jataka, Theragatha, Therigatha,Dipavamsa, Mahavamsa, Dathavamsa, Sasanavamsa, Milindapanha, Petakopadesa, Nettippa-karana, Buddhadatta, Buddhaghosa and Dhammapala.

Section-B

1. Textual questions, critical comments and annotated translations would be asked from the following prescribed texts :

1. Digha-Nikaya (Only the Samannaphala-Sutta)
2. Sutta-nipata (Only the Khaggavisana-Sutta and Dhaniya-Sutta)
3. Dhammapada (Only the first five Vagga-s)
4. Milindapanha (Only the Lakkhana-panha)
5. Mahavamsa (Only the Tatiya-Sangiti)
6. Abhidhammattha-sangaha (First, Second and Sixth Chapters)
7. (vii) Pali Prosody : Vuttodaya-Anutthubha, Indavajira, Upendavajira, Vasantatilaka, Malini, Sikharini, Upajati, totaka, Dodhaka, Vamsattha.
8. (viii) Pali Rhetoric : Subodhalankara -Yamaka, Anuppasa, Rûpaka, Upama, Atisayutti, Vyatireka, Nidassana, Atthanta-ranyasa, Dipaka, Ditthanta.

2. Short Notes on Buddhist concepts dealt within the prescribed texts.

3. Explanation of Pali Verses from the prescribed texts.

Persian

Paper-I

There will be two questions, which must be answered in Persian. The remaining questions must be answered either in Persian or in the medium of examination opted by the candidate.

Section-A

1. Description of the origin and development of Persian language (to be answered in Persian).
2. Applied Grammar, Rhetorics, Prosody, Idioms and Phrases frequently used.
1. Grammar: Ism and its kinds, Zamir-e-Muttasil and Munfasil, Murakkabi-Tausifi, Murakkab-i-Izafi, Ismi-Ishara, Musharun Elaih, Fel and its kinds, Tenses, Gardan, singular and plural, Jumleh and its kinds.
2. Rhetorics : Tajnees, Ishteqaq, Luzum-ma-la-yalzum, seyaqatul Aadad, Qalb, Tarsee, Esteaara, Maratun Nazir, Laff-o-Nashr, Iham, Husn-i-Taalil, Tajahuli-Aarefaneh, Talmih, Tansiqus Sifat.

3. Prosody: Bahri-Muzara, Ramal, Mutaqarib, Tawil, Hazaj, Kamil.

Secton B

1. Short essay in Persian-250 words (to be answered in Persian).
2. History of Persian Literature in Iran and India; Literary criticism and styles; trends in classical and modern literature; socio-cultural influences, development of modern literary genres including drama, novel, short story.

Paper-II

There will be two compulsory questions–one each in textual portions of prose and poetry which are to be answered in Persian. The remaining questions are to be answered either in Persian or in the medium of examination opted by the candidate.

This paper will require first hand reading of the texts prescribed and will be designed to test the candidate’s critical ability.

Section-A

Prose

1. Nizami Aroozi Samarqandi : Chahar Maqala :

1. Dabiri
2. Shaairi

2. Qabus.b, Washmgir : Qabus Nama :

1. Dar Shinakhtan-e-Haqq-e-Pidar-wa- Madar
2. Dar Bishi Justan Az Sukhandani
3. Dar Talib Ilmi Wa Faqih Wa Fuqaha

3. Sadi Shirazi : Gulistan :

1. Dar Tasir-e-Suhbat

4. Moh. Awfi : Jawameul Hikayat :

1. First Ten Hikayaat

5. Ziauddin Burney : Tarikh-i-Firozshahi :

1. Wasaya-i-Sultan Balban Be Farzand-e-Buzurg

6. Abul Fazl Ain-e-Akbari:

1. Ain-Khazina-i-Abadi
2. Ain-e-Shabistan-e-Iqbal
3. Ain-e-Manzil Dar Yurisha
4. Ain-e-Cheragh Afrozi

7. Sadiq-i-Hedayat:

1. Dash Akul
2. Girdab

8. Mohd. Hijazi :

1. Khudkushi
2. Pezeshk-e-Chashm

Section-B

Poetry

1. Firadausi : Shahnama :

1. Rustam-o-Sohrab

2. Khayyam : Rubaaiyat (Radif Alif and Be)

3. Saadi Shirazi : Bustan:

‘Dar Adl-u-Tadbir-u-Rai’

Amir Khusrau: Majmua-i-Diwan-e-Khusrau. (Radif Dal)

4. Maulana Rum: Mathnawi Maanawi

(First Half of Daftar Duwwum)

6. Hafiz : (Radif Alif and Dal)

7. Urfi Shirazi : Qasaaid :

1. Iqbal-e-Karam Migazad Arbabi-Himam Ra.
2. Har Sukhta Jane Ki Ba Kashmir Dar Ayad.
3. Sabah-e-Idd Ke Dar Takiyagah-e-Naz-u-Naeem.

8. Ghalib : Ghazaaliyat (Radif Alif)

9. Bahar Mashhadi :

1. Jughd-e-Jung
2. Sukoot-e-Shab
3. Damawandiye
4. Dukhtar-e-Basra

10. Furugh-e-Farrukhzad:

1. Dar Barabad-e-Khuda
2. Diw-e-Shab

11. Nimayushij :

1. Qu
2. Khar-Kan

Note: Textual portions of prose and poetry are to be explained in Persian compulsorily.

Punjabi

Paper-I

Answers must be written in Punjabi in Gurumukhi Script.

Section-A

1. Origin of Punjabi language: different stages of development and recent development in Punjabi language: characteristics of Punjabi phonology and the study of its tones: classification of vowels and consonants.
2. Punjabi morphology: the number-gender system (animate and inanimate), prefixes, affixes and different categories of Postpositions: Punjabi word formation: Tatsam. Tad Bhav, forms: Sentence structure, the notion of subject and object in Punjabi: Noun and verb phrases.
3. Language and dialect; the notions of dialect and idiolect; major dialects of Punjabi; Pothohari, Majhi, Doabi, Malwai, Puadhi; the validity of speech variation on the basis of social stratification, the distinctive features of various dialects with special reference to tones. Language and script; origin and development of Gurmukhi; suitability of Gurmukhi for Punjabi.

4. Classical background; Nath Jogi Sahil

Medieval literature : Gurmat, Sufti, Kissa and Var Janamsakhis.

Section-B

1. Modern trends Mystic, romantic, progressive and neomystic (Vir Singh, Puran Singh, Mohan Singh, Amrita Pritam, Bawa Balwant, Pritam Singh Safeer, J.S. Neki).

Experimentalist (Jasbir Singh Ahluwalia, Ravinder Ravi, Ajaib Kamal)

Aesthetes (Harbhajan Singh, Tara Singh)

Neo-progressive (Pash. Jagtar, Patar)

Origin and Development of Genres :

2. Folk literature Folk songs, Folk tales. Riddles, Proverbs.

Epic (Vir Singh, Avtar Singh, Azad Mohan Singh)

Lyric (Gurus, Sufis and Modern Lyricists-Mohan Singh Amrita Pritam, Shiv Kumar, Harbhajan Singh)

3. Drama (I.C. Nanda, Harcharan Singh, Balwant Gargi, S.S.Sekhon, Charan Das Sidhu)

Novel (Vir Singh, Nanak Singh, Jaswant Singh Kanwal, K.S. Duggal, Sukhbir, Gurdial Singh, Dalip Kaur Tiwana, Swaran Chandan)

Short Story (Sujan Singh, K.S. Virk. Prem Parkash, Waryam Sandhu).

4. Socio-cultural and Sanskrit, Persian Literary influences : and Western.

Essay (Puran Singh, Teja Singh, Gurbaksh Singh)

Literary Criticism (S.S. Sekhon, Attar Singh, Kishan Singh, Harbhajan Singh, Najam Hussain Sayyad).

Paper-II

Answers must be written in Punjabi in Gurumukhi Script.

This paper will require first-hand reading of the texts prescribed and will be designedto test the candidate’s critical ability.

Section-A

1. Sheikh Farid The complete Bani as included in the Adi Granth.
2. Guru Nanak Japu Ji Baramah, Asa di Var
3. Bulleh Shah Kafian
4. Waris Shah Heer

Section-B

1. Shah Mohammad Jangnama (Jang Singhan te Firangian)

• Dhani Ram Chatrik (Poet) Chandan Vari
• Sufi Khana
• Nawan Jahan

2. Nanak Singh (Novelist) Chitta Lahu

• Pavittar Papi
• Ek Mian Do Talwaran

3. Gurbaksh Singh (Essayist) Zindagi di Ras

• Nawan Shivala
• Merian Abhul Yadaan.
• Balraj Sahni (Travelogue) Mera Roosi Safarnama
• Mera Pakistani Safarnama

4. Balwant Gargi (Dramatist) Loha Kutt

• Dhuni-di-Agg
• Sultan Razia
• Sant Singh Sekhon (Critic) Sahityarth
• Parsidh Punjabi Kavi
• Punjabi Kav Shiromani

Russian

Paper-I

Answers must be written in Russian except in the case of question regarding translation from Russian to English.

(Language and Culture)

Section-A

• Modern Russian Language:

Phonetics, Morphology, Syntax, Lexicology, Lexicography and Semantics, linguistics.

• Translation from Russian into English and vice-versa.

Section-B

• Socio-political and economical development of the Russian Federation: Patriotic war of 1812, October Revolution, Perestroika and Glasnost, disintegration of USSR. Regional & Cultural variations of the Russian Federation.
• Essay on general topics.

Paper-II

Answers must be written in Russian Literature

Section-A

Literary History and Literary Criticism

Literary movements, Sentimentalism, Romanticism, Naturalism, Realism, Critical Realism, Socialism, Acmeism, Symbolism, Futurism; Origin and development of literary genres : Folk literature, Lyrics and poems-A.S. Pushkin, M.U. Lermontov, Alexander Blok, Esenin, V. Mayakovky, Anna Akhmatova. Epic-L.N. Tolstoy, M. Sholokhov, Short story, novelet, novels-Pushkin, Lermontov, N.V. Gogol, S. Shchedrin, I. Goncharov, I. Turgenev, F.M. Dostoevsky, L.N. Tolstoy, A.P. Chekhov, M. Gorky, M. Sholokhov, I. Bunin, E. Zamyatin, Boris Pasternak, A. Solzhenitsyn, M. Bulgakov, Chingiz Aitmatov, V. Rasputin, V. Shukshin, Criticism-Belinsky, Dobrolyubov, Chernyshevsky, Pisarev, Drama-Chekhov, Gogol. Influence of socio-political movements on literature.

Section-B

This part will require first hand reading of the texts prescribed and will be designed to test the candidates’ critical ability.

1. A.S. Pushkin Evgeny Onegin
2. M.U. Lermontov Hero of our times
3. N.V. Gogol Revizor
4. I.S. Turgenev Fathers and sons
5. F.M. Dostoevsky Crime and Punishment
6. L.N. Tolstoy
1. War and Peace
2. Resurrection
7. A.P. Chekhov i. Toska
1. Smert Chinovnika
2. Chameleon
8. A.M. Gorky Mother
9. A. Blok The twelve
10. B.B.
1. Cloud in plants Mayakovsky
2. Good
11. M. Sholokhov Fate of a man
12. B. Pasternak Doctor Zhivago
13. Solzhenitsyn One day in the life of Ivan Danisovich
14. V. Rasputin Zhivi i Pomni
15. Chingiz Aitmatov Bely Porokhod
16. V. Shukshin Chudik

Sanskrit

Paper-I

There will be three questions, which must be answered in Sanskrit. The remaining questions must be answered either in Sanskrit or in the medium of examination opted by the candidate.

Section-A

1. Significant features of the grammar, with particular stress on Sanjna, Sandhi, Karaka, Samasa, Kartari and Karmani vacyas (voice usages) (to be answered in Sanskrit).

1. Main characteristics of Vedic Sanskrit language.
2. Prominent features of classical Sanskrit language.
3. Contribution of Sanskrit to linguistic studies.

2. General Knowledge of: -

1. Literary history of Sanskit,
2. Principal trends of literary criticism
3. Ramayana,
4. Mahabharata
5. The origin and development of literary geners of:
• Mahakavya
• Rupaka (drama)
• Katha
• Akhyayika
• Campu
• Khandakavya
• Muktaka Kavya.

Section-B

1. Essentials of Indian Culture with stress on

1. Purusarthas-
2. Samskaras-
3. Varnasramavyavastha
4. Arts and fine arts
5. Technical sciences

2. Trends of Indian Philosophy

1. Mimansa
2. Vedanta
3. Nyaya
4. Vaisesika
5. Sankhya
6. Yoga
7. Bauddha
8. Jaina
9. Carvaka

3. Short Essay in Sanskrit

4. Unseen passage with the questions, to be answered in Sanskrit.

Paper-II

Question from Group 4 is to be answered in Sanskrit only. Question from Groups 1, 2 and 3 are to be answered either in Sanskrit or in the medium opted by the candidate.

Section-A

General study of the following groups:-

Group 1

• Raghuvamsam-Kalidasa
• Kumarasambhavam-Kalidasa
• Kiratarjuniyam-Bharavi
• Sisupalavadham-Magha
• Naisadhiyacaritam-Sriharsa
• Kadambari-Banabhatta
• Dasakumaracaritam -Dandin
• Sivarajyodayam-S.B. Varnekar

Group 2

• Isavasyopanisad
• Bhagavadgita
• Sundarakanda of Valmiki’s Ramayana
• Arthasastra of Kautilya

Group 3

• Svapnavasavadattam- Bhasa
• Abhijnanasakuntalam- Kalidasa
• Mrcchakatikam-Sudraka
• Mudraraksasam-Visakhadatta
• Uttararamacaritam- Bhavabhuti
• Ratnavali-Sriharshavardhana
• Venisamharam-Bhattanarayana

Group 4

Short notes in Sanskrit on the following:-

• Meghadutam-Kalidasa
• Nitisatakam-Bhartrhari
• Panchtantra
• Rajatarangini-Kalhana
• Harsacaritam-Banabhatta
• Amarukasatakam-Amaruka
• Gitagovindam-Jayadeva

Section-B

Questions from Groups 1 & 2 are to be answered in Sanskrit only. (Questions from Groups 3 & 4 are to be answered in Sanskrit or in the medium opted by the candidate).

This Section will require first hand reading of the following selected texts: -

Group 1

• Raghuvansam-Canto I, Verses 1 to 10
• Kumarasambhavam-Canto I, Verses 1 to 10
• Kiratarjuniyam-Canto I, Verses 1 to 10

Group 2

• Isavasyopanisad-verses-1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 15 and 18
• Bhagavatgita II chapter verses 13 to 25
• Sundarakandam of Valmiki Canto 15, Verses 15 to 30 (Geeta Press Edition)

Group 3

• Meghadutam-verses 1 to 10
• Nitisatakam-Verses 1 to 10 (Edited by D.D. Kosambi Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan Publication)
• Kadambari-Sukanasopadesa (only)

Group 4

• Svapnavasavadattam Act VI
• Abhijnansakuntalam Act IV verses 15 to 30

(M.R. Kale Edition)

• Uttararamacaritam Act 1 verses 31 to 47

(M.R. Kale Edition)

Santali

Paper I

(Answers must be written in Santali)

Section A

Part – I History of Santali Language.

1. Main Austric Language family, population and distribution.
2. Grammatical structure of Santali Language.
3. Important character of Santali Language: Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, Translation, and Lexicography.
4. Impact of other languages on Santali.
5. Standardization of Santali Language.

Part – II History of Santali Literature.

I. Literary trends of the following four periods of

History of Santali Literature

1. Ancient literature before 1854.
2. Missionary period: Literature between 1855 to 1889 AD.
3. Medieval period: Literature between 1890 to 1946 AD.
4. Modern period: Literature from 1947 AD to till date.

II. Writing tradition in History of Santali literature.

Section B

Literary forms – Main characteristics, history and development of following literary forms.

Part – I Folk Literature in Santali – folk song, folk tale, phrase, idioms, puzzles, and Kudum.

Part – II Modern literature in Santali

1. Development of poetry and prominent poets.
2. Development of prose and prominent writers.
1. Novels and prominent Novelists.
2. Stories and prominent story writers.
3. Drama and prominent Dramatist.
4. Criticism and prominent critics.
5. Essay, sketches, memoirs, travelogues and prominent writers.

Santali writers.

Shyam Sundar Hembram, Pandit Raghunath Murmu, Barha Beshra, Sadhu Ramchand Murmu, Narayan Soren ‘Toresutam’, Sarada Prasad Kisku, Raghunath Tudu, Kalipada Soren, Sakla Soren, Digambar Hansda, Aditya Mitra ‘Santali’, Babulal Murmu ‘Adivasi’, Jadumani Beshra, Arjun Hembram, Krishna Chandra Tudu, Rupchand Hansda, Kalendra Nath Mandi, Mahadev Hansda, Gour Chandra Murmu, Thakur Prasad Murmu, Hara Prasad Murmu, Uday Nath Majhi, Parimal Hembram, Dhirendra Nath Baske, Shyam Charan Hembram, Damayanti Beshra, T.K. Rapaj, Boyha Biswanath Tudu.

Part – III Cultural Heritage of Santali tradition, customs, festival and rituals (birth, marriage and death).

Paper II

(Answers must be written in Santali)

Section A

This paper will require in-depth reading of the following texts and the questions will be designed to test the candidates’ critical ability.

Ancient Literature:

Prose

1. Kherwal Bonso Dhorom Puthi – Majhi Ramdas Tudu “Rasika”.
2. Mare Hapramko Reyak Katha – L. O. Scrafsrud.
3. Jomsim Binti Lita – Mangal Chandra Turkulumang Soren.
4. Marang Buru Binti – Kanailal Tudu.

Poetry

1. Karam Sereng – Nunku Soren.
2. Devi Dasain Sereng – Manindra Hansda.
3. Horh Sereng – W.G. Archer.
4. Baha Sereng – Balaram Tudu.
5. Dong Sereng – Padmashri Bhagwat Murmu ‘Thakur’
6. Hor Sereng – Raghunath Murmu.
7. Soros Sereng – Babulal Murmu “Adivasi”.
8. More Sin More Nida – Rup chand Hansda.
9. Judasi Madwa Latar – Tez Narayan Murmu.

Section B

Modern Literature

PART I – Poetry

1. Onorhen Baha Dhalwak – Paul Jujhar Soren.
2. Asar Binti – Narayan Soren “Tore Sutam”
3. Chand Mala – Gora Chand Tudu.
4. Onto Baha Mala – Aditya Mitra « Santali ».
5. Tiryo Tetang – Hari Har Hansda.
6. Sisirjon Rar – Thakur Prasad Murmu.

PART II – Novels

1. Harmawak Ato – R.Karstiars (Translator – R.R. Kisku Rapaz)
2. Manu Mati – Chandra Mohan Hansda.
3. Ato Orak – Doman Hansdak.
4. Ojoy Gada Dhiph re – Nathenial Murmu.

PART III – Stories

1. Jiyon Gada – Rup Chand Hansda and Jadumani Beshra.
2. Mayajaal - Doman Sahu ‘Samir’ and Padmashri Bhagwat Murmu ‘Thakur’

PART IV – Drama

1. Kherwar Bir – Pandit Raghunath Murmu
2. Juri Khatir – Dr. K.C. Tudu.
3. Birsa Bir – Ravi Lal Tudu

PART V – Biography

Santal Ko Ren Mayam Gohako – Dr. Biswanath Hansda.

Sindhi

Paper-I

Answers must be written in Sindhi (Arabic or Devanagari script).

Section-A

1

1. Origin and evolution of Sindhi language-views of different scholars.
2. Significant linguistic features of Sindhi language, including those pertaining to its phonology, morphology and syntax.
3. Major dialects of the Sindhi language.
4. Sindhi vocabularly-stages of its growth, including those in the pre-partition and post-partition periods.
5. Historical study of various Writing Systems (Scripts) of Sindhi.
6. Changes in the structure of Sindhi language in India, after partition, due to influence of other languages and social conditions.

Section-B

2. Sindhi literature through the ages in context of socio-cultural conditions in the respective periods:

1. Early medieval literature upto 1350 A.D. including folk literature.
2. Late medicval period from 1350 A.D. to 1850 A.D.
3. Renaissance period from 1850 A.D. to 1947 A.D.
4. Modern period from 1947 and onwards.

(Literary genres in Modern Sindhi literature and experiments in poetry, drama, novel, short story, essay, literary criticism, biography, autobiography, memoirs, and travelogues.)

Paper-II

Answers must be written in Sindhi (Arabic of Devanagari script).

This paper will require the first-hand reading of the texts prescribed and will be designed to test the candidates’ critical ability.

Section-A

References to context and critical appreciation of the texts included in this section.

(1) Poetry

1. "Shah Jo Choond Shair" : ed. H.I. Sadarangani, Published by Sahitya Akademi (First 100 pages)
2. "Sachal Jo Choond Kalam" : ed. Kalyan B. Advani Published by Sahitya Akademi (Kafis only)
3. "Sami-a-ja Choond Sloka" : ed. B.H. Nagrani Published by Sahitya Akademi (First 100 pages)
4. "Shair-e-Bewas" : by Kishinchand Bewas ("Saamoondi Sipoon" portion only)
5. "Roshan Chhanvro" : Narayan Shyam
6. "Virhange Khanpoije Sindhi Shair jee Choond" : ed. H.I. Sadarangani Published by Sahitya Akademi

(2) Drama

7. "Behtareen Sindhi Natak" (One-act Plays) : Edited by M. Kamal Published by Gujarat Sindhi Academy.
8. "Kako Kaloomal" (Full-length Play) : by Madan Jumani

References to context and critical appreciation of the texts included in this section.

1. ‘Pakheeara Valar Khan Vichhrya’ (Novel) : by Gobind Malhi
2. ‘Sat Deenhan’ (Novel) : by Krishan Khatwani
3. ‘Choond Sindhi Kahanyoon’ (Short Stories) Vol. III. : Edited by Prem Prakash, Published by Sahitya Akademi.
4. ‘Bandhan’ (Short Stories) : Sundari Uttamchandani
5. ‘Behtareen Sindhi Mazmoon’ (Essays) : Edited by Hiro Thakur, published by Gujarat Sindhi Akademi.
6. ‘Sindhi Tanqeed’ (Criticism) : Edited by Harish Vaswani : Published by Sahitya Akademi.
7. ‘Mumhinjee Hayati-a ja Sona Ropa varqa’ (Autobiography) : by Popati Hiranandani
8. "Dr. Choithram Gidwani" (Biography) : by Vishnu Sharma

Tamil

Paper-I

Answers must be written in Tamil.

Section: A

Part: 1 History of Tamil Language

Major Indian Language Families-The place of Tamil among Indian languages in general and Dravidian in particular-Enumeration and Distributionof Dravidian languages.

The language of Sangam literature-The language of medieval Tamil: Pallava period only-Historical study of Nouns, Verbs, adjectives, adverbs Tense markers and case markers in Tamil.

Borrowing of words from other languages into Tamil-Regional and social dialects-difference between literary and spoken Tamil.

Part: 2 History of Tamil Literature

Tolkappiyam-Sangam Literatue-The division of Akam and puram-The secular characteristics of Sangam Literature-The development of Ethical literature-Silappadikaram and Manimekalai.

Part: 3 Devotional literature (Alwars and Nayanmars) The bridal mysticism in Alwar hymns-Minor literary forms (Tutu, Ula, Parani, Kuravanji)

Social factors for the development of Modern Tamil literature: Novel, Short story and New Poetry-The impact of various political ideologies on modern writings.

Section:B

Part:1 Recent trends in Tamil Studies

Approaches to criticism: Social , psychologiocal, hostorical and moralistic-the use of criticism-the various techniques in literature: Ullurai, Iraicchi, Thonmam (Myth) Otturuvagam (allegory), Angadam (Satire), Meyppadu, Padimam(image), Kuriyeedu (Symbol), Irunmai (ambiguity)-The concep[t of comparative literature-the principle of comparative literature.

Part: 2 Folk literature in Tamil:Ballads, Songs, proverbs and riddles-Sociological study of Tamil folklore. Uses of translation-Translation of Tamil works into other languages-Development of journalism in Tamil.

Part: 3 Cultural Heritage of the Tamils

Concept of Love and War-Concept of Aram-the ethical codes adopted by the ancient Tamils in their warfare-customs, beliefs, rituals, modes of worship in the five Thinais.

The cultural changes as revealed in post sangam literature-cultural fusion in the medieval period (Jainism & Buddhism). The development of arts and architecture through the ages (Pallavas, later cholas, and Nayaks).

The impact of various political, social, religious and cultural movements on Tamil Society. The role of mass media in the cultural change of contemporary Tamill society.

Paper-II

Answers must be written in Tamil.

The paper will require first hand reading of the Text prescribed and will be designed to test the critical ability of the candidate.

Section-: A

Part: 1 Ancient Literature

1. Kuruntokai (1-25 poems)
2. Purananurui (182-200 poems)
3. Tirukkural Porutpal : Arasiyalum Amaichiyalum (from Iraimatchi to Avaianjamai)

Part : 2 Epic Literature